Sultans of Delhi — Sher Shah Suri (AH 950)

Ruler: Sher Shah Suri

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Standard Suri calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Religious formula and ruler’s titles)

Denomination: AE Paisa

Date: AH 950

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 20.47 g · 24 mm

References:
D0926
Zeno #254980

Historical Note:
Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545) briefly displaced the Mughal Empire and introduced major administrative reforms, including a unified currency system. His copper paisas are known for their weight and clarity of inscription.

Sultans of Delhi — Muhammad bin Tughluq (AH 715)

Ruler: Muhammad bin Tughluq

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Six‑gani type with stylised inscriptions)

Reverse:
(Titles and date formula)

Denomination: Six Gani

Date: AH 715

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 3.60 g · 16 mm

References:
D0232
Zeno #327990

Historical Note:
Muhammad bin Tughluq issued a wide range of fractional copper denominations early in his reign. The six‑gani type is among the scarcer small‑flan issues and often shows compact, dense calligraphy.

Delhi Sultanate — Mubarak Shah (4 Gani)

Ruler: Mubarak Shah (Khilji)

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Khilji calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and date formula)

Date: AH 716

Denomination: 4 Gani

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 3.53 g · 16 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka D0273
Zeno #327993

Historical Note:
Mubarak Shah’s coinage marks the final phase of the Khilji dynasty. His fractional gani pieces circulated widely and often show distinctive, tightly engraved calligraphy.

Delhi Sultanate — Muhammad bin Tughluq (6 Gani)

Ruler: Muhammad bin Tughluq

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Tughluq calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and date formula)

Date: AH 737

Denomination: 6 Gani

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 3.53 g · 15 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka D0379
Zeno #327991

Historical Note:
Muhammad bin Tughluq’s reign saw extensive monetary experimentation, including token currency and fluctuating standards. His six‑gani issues are among the more common fractional types.

Delhi Sultanate — Muhammad bin Tughluq (10 Gani)

Ruler: Muhammad bin Tughluq

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Tughluq calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and date formula)

Date: AH 726

Denomination: 10 Gani

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: —

References:
Goron & Goenka D0373

Historical Note:
AH 726 falls early in Muhammad bin Tughluq’s reign, before the introduction of token currency. Larger fractional denominations such as the 10‑gani are less frequently encountered.

Delhi Sultanate — Nasir al‑Din Mahmud (AR Tanka)

Ruler: Nasir al‑Din Mahmud

Mint: Mint off flan (Hazrat Dehli)

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 644–664 / AD 1246–1266

Denomination: Tanka

Metal: Silver

Weight / Diameter: 10.71 g · 28 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka D0138
Zeno #70848

Historical Note:
Nasir al‑Din Mahmud’s long reign was dominated by the influence of his regent, Ghiyath al‑Din Balban. His silver tankas are among the most consistent and well‑struck of the Mamluk series.

Delhi Sultanate — Jital (Lahore)

Mint: Lahore

Obverse:
Stylised horseman

Reverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Denomination: Jital

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: —

References:
Tye 376.5

Historical Note:
Lahore was a major minting centre during the early Delhi Sultanate, producing large quantities of horseman‑type jitals that circulated widely across the Punjab.

Delhi Sultanate — Iltutmish (Jital, Multan)

Ruler: Shams al‑Din Iltutmish

Mint: Multan

Obverse:
Stylised horseman

Reverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Denomination: Jital

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: —

References:
Tye 378.1a

Historical Note:
Iltutmish (1211–1236) consolidated the Delhi Sultanate and standardised the horseman‑and‑bull jital series across northern India, including at Multan.

Delhi Sultanate — Qutb al‑Din Mubarak Shah (8 Gani)

Ruler: Qutb al‑Din Mubarak Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Denomination: 8 Gani

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 3.62 g · 16×18 mm

References:
Zeno #321524

Historical Note:
Mubarak Shah’s copper issues circulated widely and often show significant variation in flan shape and calligraphy.

Delhi Sultanate — Qutb al‑Din Mubarak Shah (8 Gani)

Ruler: Qutb al‑Din Mubarak Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Denomination: 8 Gani

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 3.62 g · 14 mm

References:
Zeno #321524

Historical Note:
These small‑module copper issues represent the final phase of Khilji coinage before the rise of the Tughluqs.

Delhi Sultanate — Sikandar Shah Lodi (Tanka of 96 Rati)

Ruler: Sikandar Shah Lodi

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 914

Denomination: Tanka of 96 rati

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 8.93 g · 15 mm

References:
D0706
Zeno #324355

Historical Note:
Sikandar Shah Lodi strengthened the Sultanate’s administrative and monetary systems. His tanka issues are known for their consistent weight and bold inscriptions.

Delhi Sultanate — Sikandar Shah Lodi (Tanka of 96 Rati)

Ruler: Sikandar Shah Lodi

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH —

Denomination: Tanka of 96 rati

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 9.09 g · 18 mm

References:
D0706
Zeno #324354

Historical Note:
Lodi‑period tankas circulated widely across northern India and represent the final phase of pre‑Mughal monetary production.

Sultans of Gujarat — Ahmed Shah (Half Falus)

Ruler: Ahmed Shah

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 813–846 / AD 1411–1442

Denomination: Half Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 4.66 g · 11×13 mm

References:
G018
Zeno #321526

Historical Note:
Ahmed Shah founded Ahmedabad and established the Gujarat Sultanate as a major regional power. His early copper issues are compact and often crudely engraved.

Sultans of Gujarat — Ahmed Shah (Half Falus)

Ruler: Ahmed Shah

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 813–846 / AD 1411–1442

Denomination: Half Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 9.36 g · 14×17 mm

References:
G011
Zeno #321527

Historical Note:
These heavier half‑falus pieces circulated widely in Gujarat and neighbouring regions during the early 15th century.

Sultans of Gujarat — Muhammad Shah II (1½ Falus)

Ruler: Muhammad Shah II

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH —

Denomination: 1½ Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 14.28 g · 20 mm

References:
G050
Zeno #326894

Historical Note:
Muhammad Shah II’s reign saw increased copper production, with large‑module falus pieces circulating widely in western India.

Sultans of Gujarat — Ahmed Shah II (Falus)

Ruler: Ahmed Shah II

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 85(5)

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 14.32 g · 23 mm

References:
G059
Zeno #325970

Historical Note:
Ahmed Shah II’s copper issues continued the heavy‑fabric tradition of the Gujarat Sultanate, often with broad flans and strong calligraphy.

Sultans of Gujarat — Mahmud Shah III (Falus)

Ruler: Mahmud Shah III

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 944–961 / AD 1537–1553

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 11.31 g · 17 mm

References:
G439
Zeno #321898

Notes:
Late Gujarat copper with compact flan and dense inscriptions.

Historical Note:
Mahmud Shah III ruled during the final decades of the Gujarat Sultanate, shortly before its annexation by the Mughals. His copper falus issues are common but historically important.

Gujarat Sultanate — Mahmud Begada (1½ Tanka)

Ruler: Mahmud Begada

Mint: Mustafabad

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH —

Denomination: 1½ Tanka

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 14.37 g · 19 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka G167
Zeno #159772

Historical Note:
Mahmud Begada (r. 1458–1511) was one of Gujarat’s most powerful rulers, known for military expansion and architectural patronage. His coinage is abundant and often large‑flanned.

Gujarat Sultanate — Shams al‑Din Muzaffar II (Tanka)

Ruler: Shams al‑Din Muzaffar II

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 926

Denomination: Tanka

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 6.95 g · 15 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka G262
Zeno #81594

Historical Note:
Muzaffar II’s reign was marked by internal conflict and increasing Mughal pressure, reflected in the diversity of his copper issues.

Gujarat Sultanate — Muzaffar Shah III (Falus)

Ruler: Muzaffar Shah III

Mint: Ahmadabad

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 978

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 11.56 g · 18 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka G628a
Zeno #233546

Historical Note:
Muzaffar Shah III was the last ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate before Mughal annexation in 1573. His copper issues are common and historically significant.

Gujarat Sultanate — Muzaffar Shah II (Falus)

Ruler: Muzaffar Shah II

Mint: Mustafabad

Obverse:
Date below al‑nasr (mostly off flan)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH XX2X

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 11.20 g · 19 mm

References:
G283
Zeno #122346

Historical Note:
Muzaffar Shah II’s copper issues are diverse and often crudely struck, reflecting decentralised minting during his reign.

Gujarat Sultanate — Muzaffar Shah III (Falus)

Ruler: Muzaffar Shah III

Mint: Ahmadabad

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 971 (AD 1563)

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 9.56 g · 17 mm

References:
G628A
Zeno #122348

Historical Note:
These issues were struck shortly before the Mughal conquest of Gujarat, making them among the final independent Sultanate coins.

Gujarat Sultanate — Bahadur Shah (Double Falus)

Ruler: Bahadur Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 940 (AD 1533)

Denomination: Double Falus of 72 rati

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 17.10 g · 21 mm

References:
KM
Zeno #122347

Historical Note:
Bahadur Shah’s rule saw major conflict with the Portuguese and the Mughals. His large copper issues are distinctive and widely collected.

Ahmadnagar — Nizam Shahs (Murtaza II), 2/3 Falus

Ruler: Murtaza II (Nizam Shahs)

Mint: Ahmadnagar

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 1009–1019 / AD 1600–1610

Denomination: 2/3 Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 9.21 g · 18 mm

References:
N31/46

Historical Note:
Murtaza II ruled during the final years of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, a period marked by Mughal encroachment and political instability. Copper falus of this era often show crude engraving and heavy flans.

Sultans of Golkonda — Qutb Shahi (Falus)

Ruler: Qutb Shahi Dynasty

Mint: Haidarabad, Dar al‑Sultanat

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 1068

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 10.65 g · 19 mm

References:
Zeno #325927

Historical Note:
The Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1687) issued large copper falus from Haidarabad, often with distinctive calligraphy and consistent weight standards. AH 1068 falls in the late period before Mughal conquest.

Sultans of Golkonda — Qutb Shahi (Falus)

Ruler: Qutb Shahi Dynasty

Mint: Haidarabad, Dar al‑Sultanat

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 1068

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 10.68 g · 19 mm

References:
Zeno #325928

Historical Note:
Golkonda copper falus were widely used across the Deccan and often survive in multiple die varieties, as seen in these two AH 1068 examples.

Sultans of Bengal — AE Issue

Ruler: Bengal Sultanate

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 939–944

Denomination: AE

Metal: Copper

Weight / Diameter: —

References:
KM
Zeno #29732

Historical Note:
Bengal’s mid‑16th century copper coinage is characterised by broad flans and bold inscriptions, often struck without mint marks and with considerable variation in calligraphy.

Bengal Sultanate — Islam Shah Suri (1½ Tanka)

Ruler: Islam Shah Suri

Mint: No mint mark

Obverse:
Kalima shahada in square; in margin the names of the four caliphs

Reverse:
Islam Shah ibn Sher Shah sultan, khuldallahu mulkahu within square; naga symbol below

Date: AH 966 (AD 1569)

Denomination: 1½ Tanka (Rupee)

Metal: Silver

Weight / Diameter: 11.30 g · 27 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka B967
Zeno #71531

Historical Note:
Islam Shah Suri continued the monetary reforms of his father Sher Shah, producing high‑quality silver rupees with square fields and detailed inscriptions.

Bengal Sultanate — Ghiyath al‑Din Bahadur (1½ Tanka)

Ruler: Ghiyath al‑Din Bahadur

Mint: No mint

Obverse:
Sultan jalal al‑din bin muhammad shah ghazi khallada allah mulkahu within central square

Reverse:
Shahada in central square; names of the four caliphs in margins

Date: AH 941 (AD 1549)

Denomination: 1½ Tanka (Rupee)

Metal: Silver

Weight / Diameter: 11.30 g · 27 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka B967
Zeno #71531

Historical Note:
Ghiyath al‑Din Bahadur’s coinage reflects the strong influence of Suri monetary design, with square fields and dense inscriptions that emphasise religious legitimacy.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Ibrahim Shah (32 Rati)

Ruler: Ibrahim Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 828

Denomination: 32 Rati

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 3.19 g · 14 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J07
Zeno #68563

Historical Note:
Ibrahim Shah (r. 1402–1440) expanded Jaunpur’s influence and produced a distinctive billon coinage with strong calligraphic design.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Ibrahim Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Ibrahim Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 834

Denomination: Falus

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 4.19 g · 14 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J08
Zeno #67168

Historical Note:
Ibrahim Shah’s falus issues circulated widely across the eastern Gangetic plain and are found in many die varieties.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Ibrahim Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Ibrahim Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 842

Denomination: Falus

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 4.59 g · 16 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J08
Zeno #306742

Historical Note:
Late‑period Ibrahim Shah issues often show broader flans and more elaborate calligraphy.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Husain Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Husain Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 899

Denomination: Falus

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 9.00 g · 19 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J27
Zeno #64108

Historical Note:
Husain Shah (r. 1458–1479) was the last independent ruler of Jaunpur before its annexation by the Lodi Sultanate. His coinage is abundant and stylistically distinctive.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Husain Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Husain Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 8xx

Denomination: Falus

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 9.81 g · 17 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J27
Zeno #70838

Historical Note:
These late‑period Husain Shah issues show considerable variation in weight and diameter, reflecting decentralised minting conditions.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Husain Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Husain Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 875

Denomination: Falus

Metal: Billon

Weight / Diameter: 4.50 g · 15 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J30
Zeno #324027

Historical Note:
J30 issues are scarcer and often show more compact inscriptions than the heavier J27 series.

Jaunpur Sultanate — Nasir al‑Din Mahmud Shah (Falus)

Ruler: Nasir al‑Din Mahmud Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 85x

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 4.37 g · 14 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka J16
Zeno #324359

Historical Note:
Nasir al‑Din Mahmud Shah ruled briefly during the decline of the Jaunpur Sultanate, and his copper issues are scarcer than those of Ibrahim or Husain Shah.

Sultans of Malwa — Mahmud Shah II (½ Falus)

Ruler: Mahmud Shah II

Mint: Chanderi

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 917

Denomination: ½ Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 4.43 g · 12×14 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka M178
Zeno #324095

Historical Note:
Mahmud Shah II ruled during a turbulent period marked by conflict with neighbouring Sultanates. Chanderi was an important provincial mint producing small copper denominations.

Sultans of Malwa — Mahmud Shah II (½ Falus)

Ruler: Mahmud Shah II

Mint: Chanderi

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH (91)8

Denomination: ½ Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 2.02 g · 10 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka M178
Zeno #324094

Historical Note:
These lighter Chanderi issues reflect fluctuating copper standards during Mahmud Shah II’s reign.

Sultans of Malwa — Mahmud Shah II (¼ Falus)

Ruler: Mahmud Shah II

Mint: Chanderi

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH (91)8

Denomination: ¼ Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 1.37 g · 9 mm

References:
G&G — (unlisted subtype)
Zeno #324096

Historical Note:
Fractional copper denominations were common in Malwa due to local trade needs and fluctuating metal supply.

Sultans of Malwa — Mahmud Shah III (Falus)

Ruler: Mahmud Shah III

Mint: Shadiabad (NM)

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 946

Denomination: Falus

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 10.04 g · 19 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka M216
Zeno #324740

Historical Note:
Mahmud Shah III ruled during the final decades of the Malwa Sultanate before its absorption into the Mughal Empire. His copper falus are among the most recognisable of the series.

Kashmir Sultanate — Fath Shah (AE Kaserah)

Ruler: Fath Shah

Mint: —

Obverse:
(Calligraphic type)

Reverse:
(Titles and formula)

Date: AH 874

Denomination: Kaserah

Metal: AE (Copper)

Weight / Diameter: 5.51 g · 18 mm

References:
Goron & Goenka K059
Zeno #324020

Historical Note:
Fath Shah ruled Kashmir during a period of political instability and produced a distinctive copper coinage known as *kaserah*, characterised by thick flans and bold calligraphy.